Radiologic Technology Supervisor and Operator Practice Exam

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• The time lag between initial exposure to ionizing radiation and the first clinically detectable effects is called the latent period.
• Rare-earth intensifying screens require films sensitive to which color spectrum?
• Which of the following constitutes an X-ray equipment and accessories failure?
• Under which conditions is a 24-hour notification to the Radiological Health Branch required?
• Which statement best describes the effect of using high kVp on the radiographic exposure?
• How is the speed of an intensifying screen defined?
• Film darkening that detracts from film quality and provides no useful information is termed?
• Which of the following will INCREASE attenuation of x-rays inside the body?
• Which statement best describes the dose-reducing technique chart guidance?
• What is the name of the process by which an X-ray beam is reduced in intensity by absorption and scattering as it passes through matter?
• Which statement is true about field size and scattered radiation?
• What is the trade-off of using a radiographic grid?
• What device is used to check the processor temperature during daily checks?
• X-ray examination of the abdominal region accounts for 25% of all radiography, but contributes over ______% of the GSD.
• Which statement best describes the effect of generator configurations on patient dose and image quality according to the material?
• FILM Badge: Unit Range? Which unit is used for film badge readings?
• Which factors can be directly influenced by X-ray personnel during day-to-day use?
• Which interaction does not significantly contribute to attenuation at diagnostic radiography energies?
• The radiation that forms the diagnostic image on the film is called remnant radiation.
• What is the function of the filter placed in the useful X-ray beam?
• Which factors contribute to nonuniform radiation dose distribution within the body?
• What are the specified performance criteria for densitometric reproducibility of base plus fog, mid-density, and density difference?
• Which tube-detector geometry is used by third-generation CT scanners where the X-ray tube and detectors rotate around the patient to collect views?
• X-ray films designed to be most sensitive to which in the blue-violet spectrum for use with calcium tungstate intensifying screens?
• Phototiming ensures what in chest radiography?
• What is the recommended storage temperature range for photographic materials used in radiography?
• When imaging infants and very young children, if photo timing is not available, technique charts should be based on which patient characteristic?
• There is an increased risk in children if the expectant mother is exposed to radiation. Which conditions are included?
• The x-ray tube envelope's primary function is to:
• To minimize retakes, which approach is recommended?
• A radiation worker accidentally receives 10 Sv full-body X-radiation dose. How many rads did he receive?
• Which processing error causes radiographic films to appear yellow-brown and emit a sulfur-like odor?
• For how long must records of maintenance and repairs of X-ray equipment be kept?
• Which daily QC device should be evaluated to ensure film quality?
• What is the number one cause for retaking a film?
• Which term describes the barrier used to attenuate leakage and scattered radiation?
• Under California law, shielding for mobile x-ray equipment is required when the device is used in which settings?
• Which condition is essential when handling film in the darkroom to minimize processing issues?
• Approximately what percentage of radiographic technique chart cases require minor adjustments?
• The half-value layer (HVL) measures beam quality; for tubes operating above 120 kVp, the HVL is about which value?
• How long must each required record of dose equivalent received by individuals be kept?
• What is the occupational dose equivalent limit for persons under 18 years of age?
• Which two aspects are monitored monthly for film processing QC?
• Which of the following are required if the operator must remain in the room during patient CT scanning? 1) protective apparel 2) gonad shield 3) personnel dosimeter.
• When the radiographer must stay in the room during exposure, which precautions are required?
• The replenishment formulation and rates in automatic film processing are designed to compensate for which factors?
• Which of the following are disadvantages of using pocket ionization chambers as personnel monitoring devices? 1) limited dose range 2) no permanent record 3) subjective evaluation of reading by wearer.
• The primary exposure factors in radiography are:
• The SI unit commonly used for dose equivalent is:
• Which of the following can produce film fog?
• Sensitometric strips should be exposed to which type of light?
• Changing from SP-100 screens to SP-400 screens will reduce exposure settings and patient dose by what percent for the same film density?
• Mid-density is usually measured around____ optical density (OD) above the base-plus-fog level.
• When remaining in the room during CT scanning, which two items should be worn?
• Which statement best describes a linear, non-threshold dose-response model?
• If a warped cassette produces what on the finished radiographs?
• Which devices have the disadvantage of no permanent record of radiation exposure?
• When should Processor Quality Control be carried out?
• Which processing error causes films to turn black with poor image contrast?
• What is the relationship between operator exposure to scattered radiation and patient dose?
• What is the major problem encountered in most darkrooms?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit set for the whole body dose?
• How many 14 x 17 films must be processed daily to maintain consistency in most automatic film processors?
• Which statement best describes holding a patient during an X-ray and the required protection for the holder?
• The part of the X-ray beam that has gone through the patient and reaches the film is called?
• How often should the screen/film contact be checked?
• Gonadal shielding with 0.5 mm lead-equivalent shields reduces gonadal radiation dose by approximately what percent?
• What is the minimum source-to-skin distance for a mobile x-ray unit?
• If a radiographic procedure uses no intensifying screens, what is typically required to achieve acceptable image density?
• What is the mid-density target in processor densitometry?
• Which projection would NOT take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode was toward the feet?
• Examinations taken with intensifying screens reduce the radiation dose to the patient by approximately what percent?
• Which instrument is used to read densitometric values in processor QC?
• Is interruption of pregnancy ever justified because of radiation dose to embryo/fetus during a diagnostic X-ray examination?
• Convert 50 rem to sieverts.
• Which statement about gonad shielding is true?
• Regarding screen/film contact testing, which combination statements are true?
• What barrier is designed to attenuate the primary useful beam in radiographic facilities?
• Which statement best reflects the contribution of all three factors to radiation biology?
• Which operator console knob controls x-ray beam quality?
• Regarding automatic film processing, which condition is addressed by replenishment formulas?
• The traditional unit for absorbed dose is what?
• Which of the following cannot be directly influenced by x-ray personnel during routine operation of x-ray equipment?
• If the distance between the source and image receptor is doubled, by what fraction is the intensity reduced?
• Filtration in an x-ray system serves what purpose?
• The density of all patient-equivalent phantom films should be within what percent of the average density?
• In diagnostic radiology, reasons why radiation doses are not distributed uniformly throughout the body include:
• QA and QC records include which statements? The records must include all QC tests on x-ray and ancillary equipment, written records must be maintained for seven years, and records must be available for review by all agents of the RHB. Which statements are correct?
• Which barrier is specifically designed to attenuate leakage and scatter radiation in a radiology facility?
• Which region accounts for approximately 25% of diagnostic X-ray examinations but about 40% of retakes?
• What is the function of the radiographic grid?
• The QC water filters are designed to prevent particulates; they should not allow particles larger than how many microns?
• If the gonads are properly shielded with 0.5 mm lead equivalent, approximately what percent of the incident primary beam radiation dose can the gonads still receive from internal scatter?
• The coefficient of variation for phototime reproducibility is measured on 4-6 consecutive exposures. What maximum variation is allowed?
• Which basic principles can be used to reduce radiation dose?
• Approximately what % of retakes are due to errors in positioning?
• How often and under what criteria should the replenishment rate for developer and fixer be checked?
• Which type of radiation produces photons with discrete energies corresponding to atomic transitions?
• Film speed (S) is defined as the reciprocal of the radiation dose required to produce a density of 1.0 above base and ______ densities.
• Which projection is preferred in scoliosis imaging to minimize breast dose?
• Which option best describes the daily check for the wash-water temperature and water filters?
• Why should film fogging be eliminated in radiographic processing?
• The secondary protective barrier includes which forms of radiation?
• What is the performance criterion for darkroom fog testing?
• 100 mrem/60 min × 10 min equals how many mrem?
• At what body-part thickness is the use of a grid recommended?
• Which monitoring device does not provide a permanent record of exposure?
• What is the function of a grid?
• Approximately what percentage of the incident photons will emerge from the patient unaffected to form the radiographic image?
• Which combination of factors influences the biological effects of radiation?
• Which value defines a high radiation area when measured as dose rate in 1 hour at the specified distance?
• Which of the following cause the FILMS to SMELL and turn YELLOW over time?
• Darkroom fogging affects which portion of the density range most?
• Film badge unit range is expressed in which unit?
• According to animal experimentation, what is the effect of fractionating a given radiation dose over years on genetic mutational damage?
• How should photographic chemicals be placed for storage?
• In radiographic practice, which item is classified as a hardware or technical error?
• Which of the following would NOT increase patient dose?
• Using high kVp technique has what effect on the heat load in the x-ray tube?
• Approximately what percentage of cases will require MAJOR adjustments to a radiographic technique chart?
• Which statements are part of the Bergonie and Tribondeau law?
• Primary cost savings of a QA program include:
• Which projection would take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode was toward the head?
• Therapeutic abortion is recommended after embryo/fetus exposure exceeding what dose?
• Before making an exposure with a mobile X-ray unit, which condition must be met?
• In a QA program, which task should be performed every three months?
• Where should a personnel dosimeter be worn on the body?
• If the distance from the X-ray source is halved, the exposure rate increases by what factor?
• Which items are included in the annual QC parameters?
• In personnel monitoring, film and TLD badges are considered what?
• Which anatomical region accounts for approximately 25% of diagnostic X-ray examinations but nearly 40% of all retakes?
• Reviewing and updating the facility procedures manual should occur at least:
• Which item is used to measure film density as part of a QA program?
• The SI unit of absorbed dose is what?
• An example of a radiographic study using natural shielding to decrease radiation to the ovaries is:
• Which document should be consulted to select the primary exposure factors?
• One Gray is equal to how many joules per kilogram?
• What does smoking produce and what does it do to the film?
• What happens to the focal spot as the x-ray tube target angle decreases?
• What is defined as the density difference between light and dark areas on a processed radiograph, and can be read from the characteristic curve?
• Which of the following records of QC tests must be maintained?
• Which will reduce patient radiation dose?
• Infants and very small children may not be imageable with X-ray equipment utilizing which feature?
• X-ray equipment made of aluminum and located in the primary x-ray beam to preferentially absorb or eliminate the less penetrating x-rays before they reach a patient is called a(an):
• In annual Gy/mAs testing, which statements are true? 1 test device is a dosimeter 2 test device is a homogeneous phantom 3 performance criteria is +/- 10%
• What is the main reason for protecting the gonads?
• How often is a retake analysis recommended?
• Bone marrow is affected as a somatic dose indicator. Which cell type will be depressed most severely?
• The frequency of retakes was highest in which body region?
• The portion of the focal spot that contributes to image formation is called the...
• Which practice is essential to produce satisfactory radiographs?
• What is the maximum permissible fetal dose for a declared pregnant worker?
• When & How should the Wash-Water temperature & The WATER FILTERS be checked?
• What is the purpose of STANDARDIZED QUALITY CONTROL (QC) TESTS?
• Which of the following is a deterministic (non-stochastic) effect?
• Which statement about filtration and patient dose is true?
• The unit used to express thiosulfate levels in fixer retention testing is measured in which unit?
• Total filtration is defined as the sum of inherent filtration and added filtration.
• What device is designed to measure the optical density of an exposed and processed radiographic film?
• If imaging is performed with film alone (no intensifying screens), what is true about exposure and patient dose?
• Which statement best describes collimation recommendations?
• What is the recommended frequency for testing HVL (filtration)?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating above 120 kVp?
• What must anyone holding a patient wear during an X-ray?
• Abdominal radiography accounts for 25% of all radiography but contributes over ______% of the genetically significant dose (GSD).
• What temperature range is preferred for storing photographic materials?
• Film badges are used to measure occupational exposure. Which statement is true?
• Which choices correctly identify the factors that determine the quantity of scatter radiation?
• Freshly exposed sensitometric strip should be read with which device?
• In annual Gy/mAs testing, which devices are used?
• Is the CT beam well collimated?
• Deterministic effects are characterized by which of the following?
• Which of the following are factors that directly influence the patient dose controlled by X-ray personnel?
• Which statement best describes the technical advantages of 3-phase or high-frequency generators over single-phase generators?
• Which option represents the combination that reduces patient dose by limiting exposure factors to safe levels?
• Are operator exposures from CT examinations very low or high?
• Operator exposure from CT exams is generally very LOW b/c:
• To evaluate GRID UNIFORMITY and GRID ALIGNMENT, what is the recommended method?
• What percent of all repeats come from ABD region films?
• To obtain uniform density (+/-0.10 OD) over the film, the X-ray beam should be oriented relative to the bucky grid and film as:
• Which statement about x-ray generator configurations is true?
• The imaging concept involving rotation of the X-ray tube around the patient to collect multiple views is known as rotate-rotate technology. Which description best matches this concept?
• Which of the following are considered long-term effects of radiation injury?
• The useful optical density (O.D.) range for radiographs should fall within which range? 0.2 to 1.0; 0.5 to 2.5; 1.0 to 3.0; 1.5 to 4.5
• How often should the accuracy of the built-in thermometer be checked with a calibrated thermometer?
• What is the primary purpose of intensifying screens in radiography?
• Retake analysis is recommended how often?
• What is the occupational dose equivalent limit for persons under 18 years of age?
• What is phototiming used to achieve in radiography?
• If developer temperature is too high during processing, which film outcome is most likely?
• Which of the following reduce patient radiation dose?
• Which items are required for an operator who must remain in the room during a patient CT scan?
• Which of the following can produce film fog?
• Long-wavelength X-rays will increase which of the following?
• Which statement accurately describes the effective focal spot?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit as set by 10 CFR 20, for the lens of the eye?
• Which factors determine the quantity of scatter radiation?
• The dose to the patient is directly related to which factor?
• Absorbed dose and dose equivalent units?
• Patient skin dose for CT examinations is usually on the order of which range?
• Where does the heel effect distribute more radiation intensity on the image receptor?
• Immediate notification is required when the total effective dose equivalent reaches or exceeds how many rems?
• QA and QC records shall be available for review by which group?
• Which technique change would most directly reduce patient dose without sacrificing image quality?
• Which of the following is a direct cost-saving goal of a QA program?
• Which statement best describes the effect of added filtration on the x-ray beam?
• Can blue-light-emitting screens be used with green-sensitive film?
• Under regulations, if there is over-exposure of a film badge, to whom should the findings be reported and within what timeframe?
• Examinations taken with intensifying screens reduce the radiation dose to the patient by approximately what percent?
• The optical density that would result if an unexposed film were processed through the fixer, washer, and dryer, WITHOUT FIRST PASSING through the developer is termed:
• For animal experiments it is estimated that as little as ______ rads delivered to the embryo/fetus can cause deleterious effects.
• Developer temperature test details: frequency and device?
• Proper film handling and film processing primarily affect which aspect of radiographic output?
• Which pairing correctly describes film-screen selection and exposure settings for low-dose radiography?
• During diagnostic radiography, which interactions contribute to attenuation:
• As much as what percent of the film darkening results from light produced by the intensifying screens?
• A family member stood in a hallway for 20 minutes. The exposure rate at the site was 0.5 mrem per hour. How much radiation did the family member receive?
• Which of the following are LONG TERM stepwise effects of radiation exposure? 1) damage to genetic structures 2) cancer 3) cataract formation
• Leakage radiation refers to radiation that...
• Which combination of features is required for mobile X-ray exposure switches?
• How often should Light & X-ray Field Alignment be checked?
• Which elements are included in x-ray equipment performance evaluation as part of QC testing?
• For annual Gy/mAs testing, which statements are true?
• What is a primary purpose of standardized quality control tests performed on radiography equipment?
• Gonad dose variation among facilities is influenced by exposure factor selection, plus which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the direct effect of radiation on DNA?
• What is the acceptable optical density (OD) range?
• According to the line-focus principle, decreasing the target angle results in what change to the effective focal spot?
• Gonads should be shielded if they lie within what distance of the primary beam?
• What minimum distance should the operator maintain from the patient and away from the useful beam?
• Hereditary effects and cancer incidence are examples of which type of radiation effects?
• In the patient’s exit path of photons, what percent of incident photons emerge from the patient unaffected?
• How long must occupational dose records be preserved?
• How often should you test the filtration HVL?
• Remnant radiation is best described as the radiation that:
• What device and frequency are recommended for the developer temperature test?
• In CT imaging, the patient skin dose is typically on the order of which unit?
• How often is screen/film contact testing performed?
• Which of the following describes what the photographic process control includes?
• Which of the following are considered X-ray accessories?
• Is a dead-man type exposure switch permitted for mobile radiography?
• Bone-marrow elements that are the most severely depressed after irradiation are:
• A sensitometric strip provides measurements of which properties?
• The process by which an X-ray beam is reduced in intensity by absorption or scattering when passing through material is termed:
• How often should the X-ray beam be tested?
• Remnant radiation is the radiation that forms the radiographic image after passing through the patient.
• In radiobiology, which statement about thresholds for genetic damage is supported by the data described?
• What is the term for the invisible image formed in the emulsion during exposure?
• The total developer immersion time is listed for the smaller processor. What is the immersion time for the smaller processor?
• For imaging very small patients, which device is often not suitable due to their small size when using standard radiography equipment?
• A facility is conditionally exempt from silver recovery requirements if it generates less than 500 gallons per month of silver-containing solution which is: 1) hazardous only for silver 2) treated on-site within 90 days 3) silver concentration is reduced to less than 5 mg/L. Which statements are correct?
• Bremsstrahlung X-ray production involves the conversion of which type of energy of electrons into electromagnetic radiation?
• Even a small fingernail mark may ____ screens.
• What is the recommended source-to-skin distance in mobile radiography?
• Which factor is NOT part of the Bergonie and Tribondeau law?
• Which tube-detector geometry is used by third-generation CT scanners, where the X-ray tube and detectors rotate around the patient to collect views from many angular positions?
• The type of dose response curve associated with cataract formation is:
• When x-raying a patient with emphysema, which technique adjustment is recommended?
• Which hypothesis describes the assumption that a dose–response curve derived from high dose-rate data may be extrapolated to low or zero dose?
• For the blue-green spectrum, films are sensitive to light when used with which type of intensifying screens?
• Scattered radiation coming from the patient, compared to the primary incident radiation, is:
• Which capability is associated with higher mA capacity for 3-phase/high-frequency generators?
• To restrict the x-ray beam in radiography means the same as to
• Which combination of image characteristics is measured by a sensitometric strip?
• How long must each required record of dose equivalent be kept?
• Which of the following occur within fractions of a second after exposure: absorption of radiation energy; formation of active radicals; biochemical changes in cells?
• CT skin dose is typically on the order of which range?
• In diagnostic radiography, the aluminum placed in the path of the primary beam to reduce low-energy photons is known as
• For archival storage, how much fixer solution is required?
• If humidity drops below the standard, what effect is expected on the film?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of standardized quality control tests at prescribed intervals?
• An example of a deterministic effect is radiation-induced cataract formation.
• Stochastic effects are characterized by which property?
• In radiography practice, which action directly reduces exposure to the patient when aligning the beam with the area of interest?
• Approximately what percent of radiographic retakes are due to motion?
• Which thermometers should NEVER be used due to risk of contaminating processing solutions?
• In semi-annual collimator light field and X-ray field alignment testing, which test devices are used?
• Underpinning ALARA philosophy are the following assumptions: 1) there is no minimum threshold for radiation dose necessary to achieve a biological effect 2) all radiation doses be kept as far below legal limits as possible 3) even the lowest radiation dose is assumed to result in some effect.
• For mobile equipment, which provisions are correct?
• How is the process of film washing time measured?
• Which factors can be directly influenced by x-ray personnel during day-to-day use of x-ray equipment?
• Which concept determines the barrier thickness (shielding) required to attenuate radiation to the specified level?
• Filtration's effect on the beam spectrum is best described by which statement?
• For animal experiments it is estimated that as little as ______ rads delivered to the embryo/fetus can cause deleterious effects.
• Operator exposures from CT examinations are typically very low.
• What is the primary rationale for gonad shielding in radiographic procedures?
• If a worker receives a total effective dose equivalent exceeding 5 rems within 24 hours, the supervisor is required to:
• Which examinations require the use of gonad shielding for male patients unless an x-ray supervisor specifically requests shielding not be used?
• The heel effect is more pronounced with which condition?
• Which of the following are SHORT TERM stepwise effects of radiation exposure? 1) life-span shortening 2) primary radiochemical reactions 3) functional damage of cells
• Finished radiographs should be stored at what temperature and humidity?
• During radiographic exposure, which actions are recommended to minimize exposure to scatter radiation?
• How do you select the primary factors? What do you need to consult?
• What does the inverse square law state about radiation intensity as distance from the source changes?
• Damage to the INDIVIDUAL irradiated is termed:
• QC parameters that should be tested monthly include which of the following?
• Regarding daily checks of film washing time, which statements are true?
• Genetic radiobiological effects are manifested through which mechanism?
• Inherent shielding refers to shielding that is built into which component?
• Which statement about HVL and higher kVp is true?
• During exposure, the latent image is formed in the emulsion by which component?
• If the darkroom, the processor, and the processing techniques are not optimum quality, what is impossible to produce?
• What is the basic principle of TIME in radiologic exposure?
• Retake analysis is recommended how often?
• Which of the following factors influence patient radiation dose?
• What does the data suggest about the dose-dependence of genetic mutational damage?
• How should the water flow meter accuracy be checked, and how often?
• HVL measures the thickness of which material required to reduce the X-ray beam by 50%?
• If the operator stands behind a portable shield, the approximate total dose reduction would be about:
• What is the purpose of standardized quality control tests performed at prescribed intervals?
• If X-ray intensity is 100 mrem/hr at 1 meter FFD, what is the intensity at 4 meters?
• In processor QC, which instrument is used to evaluate sensitometric response?
• When should Processor Quality Control be carried out?
• What does GSD stand for in radiation protection?
• Which of the following is the primary process by which x-rays are produced?
• A radiation worker accidentally receives 10 sieverts. How many rads is that?
• Which means of x-ray production involves projectile electrons knocking out inner shell electrons of tungsten?
• Ionizing radiation could: 1) pass through a cell without producing any damage 2) kill the cell 3) lead to permanent changes in tissue which may result in demonstrable biological injury
• Which equation correctly represents the inverse square law for radiation intensity with distance?
• What does the size of the focal spot influence?
• According to the LINEAR Hypothesis, what is implied about radiation damage at any dose?
• What term defines the difference in optical density between light and dark areas on a processed radiographic film?
• Filtration provides benefits to the patient and radiographic quality. Which statement is true?
• Generally, at ____ rads or less, full body x-radiation exposure, ordinary lab or clinical methods will show no indication of injury.
• Which electron interaction with the anode causes the x-ray beam to be polygenergetic?
• How does skin pigmentation affect exposure factors?
• The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray. One gray equals how many joules per kilogram?
• Calcium tungstate intensifying screens require films sensitive to which color band?
• Which factors affect the quantity of scattered radiation?
• Darkroom film fogging must be eliminated because it causes which change in film contrast?
• For personnel monitoring, which two devices are the primary/sufficient/required pieces of equipment?
• What is the developer temperature test, device, criteria, and frequency?
• Under which conditions must gonads be shielded?
• Approximately what percentage of the energy deposited in the target by electrons is converted to x-rays?
• Which radiobiologic effect is most frequently observed in growing tissue exposed to ionizing radiation?
• A facility is conditioned exempt from silver recovery requirements if it generates less than how many gallons per month?
• The abdominal region accounts for approximately what percentage of all diagnostic X-ray examinations performed?
• What can developer solution or cigarette ashes produce on the radiographs?
• Which of the following statements about semi-annual testing for collimator light field and x-ray field alignment is correct?
• In radiography, which parameter is most commonly associated with adjusting the beam quality?
• Approx. what % of cases will require MAJOR adjustments to a radiographic technique chart?
• During radiography of infants, when photo timing is not available, technique charts must be based on which parameter?
• What happens to radiation intensity if the distance between the source and the object increases?
• Which of the following correctly describes a beam that consists of a spectrum of energies?
• X-ray penetration (quality) is decided by which of the following?
• Which blood cell type is depressed most severely by radiation?
• Which of the following describes appropriate use of patient shielding?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the silver recovery exemption criteria?
• What is the tolerance for the density difference in densitometry?
• In automatic film processing, replenishment addresses which categories?
• (0.1mrad/hour) X (hour/60 min) X 10 min X 10 (QF)= ?
• Irradiation of the bone marrow will result in which effect?
• Inaccurate replenishment of processing chemicals primarily affects which film characteristic?
• What is the name of the unit for the maximum crest voltage between the anode and cathode of an X-ray tube, which determines the beam's penetrating ability?
• Which pair of tissues has approximately the same radiographic density?
• What is the source-to-skin distance for mobile radiography?
• Which projection would take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode end is directed toward the head?
• What are the two problems in SCREEN/FILM/CASSETTE SPEED MATCHING?
• A radiation worker accidentally receives 10 Sv full-body X-radiation dose. How many rads did he receive?
• During annual QA, which parameter is measured to verify X-ray central ray perpendicularity?
• To minimize static marks on radiographic film, which handling practice is recommended?
• How often should darkroom fog be tested?
• Which of the following cells is drastically depleted by small amounts of radiation (50-70 rem)?
• How long must records of maintenance and repairs of x-ray equipment be kept?
• The part of the X-ray beam that has gone through the patient and reaches the image receptor is called which term?
• The product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and other modifying factors at the location of interest defines which quantity?
• Personnel monitoring device readings primarily indicate which type of radiation dose?
• Which of the following lists all factors affecting scattered radiation?
• Which statement about beam energy is true?
• What is the quality factor for X-ray, gamma, or beta radiation?
• In radiography, the patient (body part being x-rayed) is the main source of which type of radiation?
• Which statement about x-ray generator configurations is true according to the material?
• According to the line-focus principle, using a small effective focal spot is associated with high anode heating, and as the target angle decreases, what happens to the effective focal spot?
• Scratches on films are caused by:
• What is the effect of all types of fog on the radiographic image?
• Inherent filtration refers to filtration located in which part of the x-ray assembly?
• Which instrument combination is used for darkroom condition testing?
• Gonad shielding must be used for patients who have not yet reached reproductive age.
• What is the cited repeated rate for experienced x-ray personnel?
• What are the three controls on the x-ray machine?
• The radiation exposure (intensity) measured by an ionization chamber at 90 degrees from the patient at one meter is about what fraction of the incident radiation?
• Which of the following represents the minimum repeat rate threshold for inexperienced x-ray personnel?
• Indirect effect in radiobiology is primarily caused by radiation interactions with which cellular component?
• What term describes the optical density of film due to base density plus the effect of developer on unexposed silver halide crystals?
• Which statement best describes the effects of humidity on film quality?
• For a declared pregnant worker, is interruption of pregnancy ever justified due to radiation dose from a diagnostic X-ray?
• Which combinations of factors influence the biological effects of radiation?
• Which body region has the highest retake frequency?
• Which of the following is a genetic effect from exposure to ionizing radiation?
• What humidity range should be maintained for film storage to preserve quality?
• HVL (Half-Value Layer) is typically expressed in what units?
• Which statement best describes what happens to the beam when filtration is properly applied?
• What is the light-sensitive material that coats radiographic film?
• Which interaction produces discrete spectral lines in the x-ray spectrum?
• For film archival, thiosulfate levels calculated from fixer retention testing should be ____ mg/cm2
• Which QC parameters should be tested annually?
• Which of the following are considered x-ray personnel errors when classifying reasons for repeated films?
• Which of the following tissues have approx. the same density?
• What happens to the nominal focal spot size as the x-ray tube target (anode) decreases?
• Which of the following are TRUE regarding daily checking processor developer solution temperature?
• A radiation worker inside an enclosed area for 10 minutes at a rate of 100 mrem/hour will receive how much dose?
• Which measures are recommended to minimize retakes?
• Which of the following are technical advantages of 3 phase or high frequency generators over single phase generators?
• Approximately what percentage of retakes are due to errors in exposure factors?
• Which statement best describes common causes of film artifacts such as static electricity, fingerprints, and crinkle marks?
• Which barrier attenuates stray radiation (scatter)?
• If a worker receives a total effective dose equivalent exceeding 5 rems within 24 hours, what action is required?
• Which artifacts can result from not handling radiographic films carefully?
• Which thermometers should never be used due to contamination risk?
• Which statement correctly identifies the monthly QA parameter two for film processing?
• Which statement about the 5 cm proximity criterion is true?
• Which combination of factors determines the genetically significant dose (GSD)?
• Genetic radiobiological effects are manifested through which mechanism?
• Stray radiation includes leakage and scatter; what term describes radiation not serving a purpose?
• Which 24-hour notification threshold applies to total effective dose?
• Compared with calcium tungstate screens, rare-earth screens typically provide what level of patient dose reduction?
• The spinning target of a general-purpose x-ray tube is primarily composed of which material?
• How often should processor transport times be tested?
• If QC tests indicate issues, what is the recommended response?
• For how long must records of maintenance and/or repairs of x-ray equipment be kept?
• Regarding film handling, which statements are true?
• Which of the following can be used to determine barrier thickness (shielding) needed to attenuate radiation to the required degree?
• What is the minimum source-to-skin distance for a mobile x-ray unit?
• What is the primary effect of using intensifying screens in radiography?
• How often does the SCREEN/FILM/CASSETTE SPEED MATCHING need to be evaluated?
• If the operator is required to stay in the room during scanning, which items should be worn?
• What is the primary process by which x-rays are produced?
• Which statement describes reproducibility in QA measurements?
• Which tissue attenuates the most x-rays?
• What is the function of the primary protective barrier?
• Daily checks of film processing include visual inspection of which component as part of evaluating washing time?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding gonad dose when shielding is used and internal scatter is present?
• Supervisors are responsible for display of the following documents in the place of employment or work:
• If photo timing is not available when imaging very small children, which combination of actions is recommended?
• Diagnostic X-ray beams are created as a spectrum of energies due to which interaction?
• What device is used to measure the optical density of an exposed and processed radiographic film?
• A safelight should be carefully selected to match the film manufacturer's specifications and used with the recommended bulb wattage to avoid excessive what?
• Which of the following records of QC tests must be maintained?
• How often are Focal Spot Size, KVP Accuracy, Exposure Time Accuracy, and Gy/mAs, mAs Linearity & Radiation Reproducibility checked?
• At which thickness is grid use commonly recommended in clinical practice?
• Compared to a patient with pneumonia, an emphysema patient will require exposure that is:
• As much as what percent of the film's darkening is due to light emitted by the intensifying screens?
• For 10 minutes, an individual received 120 mrad per hour dose rate. How much exposure did the person receive?
• What is the main purpose of a filter?
• How often are processor transport times checked?
• QC parameters that should be tested annually include:
• Which of the following are LONG TERM effects from exposure to ionizing radiation?
• Which term describes the energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material?
• Most occupational exposure comes from which source?
• The development/processing produces a visible pattern on the finished radiograph. Which color is typically observed?
• What is the Half-Value Layer (HVL) defined as?
• Which form part of the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?
• Twenty-four hour notification requires contacting which agency?
• Which of the following is the definition of half value layer (HVL)?
• How and when should the Developer & Fixer replenishment rate be checked?
• Which factors influence patient radiation dose?
• When processing a freshly exposed sensitometric strip daily, what instrument should you read it with?
• Under the Health & Safety Code, a violation by a person or person aiding is punishable as what offense?
• Which testing setup is used to assess X-ray beam quality, Bucky motion, and centering?
• Each required record of dose equivalent received by occupational workers must be kept (preserved):
• Which of the following are test items for daily QC?
• What are the 3 controls on the x-ray machine?
• Which of the following are components of a typical collimator?
• X-ray examinations of the abdomen account for 25% of all radiography yet contribute over what percentage of the gonad dose (GSD)?
• Which phenomenon is seen most frequently in growing tissue exposed to radiation?
• Which statement about the Bergonie and Tribondeau law is NOT correct?
• Bone-marrow elements that are the most severely depressed after irradiation are:
• The process by which an X-ray beam is reduced in intensity by absorption or scattering as it passes through material is termed:
• The technique chart is used to determine what?
• Which of the following QC parameters are tested annually?
• SCREEN LAG refers to:
• Abdominal region retakes constitute about what percentage of all retakes?
• An employee is exposed at a rate of 100 mrem per 60 minutes for 10 minutes. What is the resulting dose in mSv?
• Immediate notification is required for an eye dose equivalent of how many rems?
• Which tissue absorbs the most x-rays?
• What is the maximum permissible aluminum equivalent of the table top or front panel of a vertical cassette holder at 100 kVp?
• Compared with CT, planar radiography doses are generally:
• How often should the screen/film contact be checked?
• Which metric is used to assess phototimer density reproducibility?
• Twenty-four hour notification means telephoning CDPH within 24 hours with prompt follow-up letter when individuals are exposed to an eye dose equivalent within 24 hours exceeding:
• Cataract formation after radiation exposure typically occurs in which time frame?
• What test device is used for HVL measurement?
• Which statement best describes radiation-induced mitotic delay?
• A person who holds a patient during radiographic exposure should satisfy which condition?
• Approx. 5% of the incident x-ray photons emerge from the patient to form the radiographic image, which is termed___________?
• If the gonads are properly shielded with 0.5 mm lead equivalent, approximately what percentage of the incident primary beam radiation dose can the gonads still receive from internal scatter?
• For measuring the developer temperature, which device is recommended?
• In radiography, the patient is the main source of which type of radiation?
• Gonad dose variation across facilities is due to variation in exposure factors plus: 1) variation in collimation 2) improper film development techniques 3) failure to use gonad shielding
• The coefficient of variation of exposures shall not be greater than what percentage on 4-6 consecutive exposures?
• What is measured by a sensitometric strip?
• Films moved rapidly can produce which artifact?
• The conservative approach to radiation protection regards genetic effects as what type of phenomenon?
• About what percent of the X-rays interacting with intensifying screens actually interact?
• Which interaction is more likely to occur at low energy photons in bone and is responsible for high contrast in radiographs?
• Open film packages humidity range?
• Which of the following is a genetic effect from exposure to ionizing radiation?
• What is the preferred Celsius temperature range for storing photographic materials?
• Which statement about dose fractionation and genetic damage is supported by animal studies?
• For personnel monitoring, which two items are considered primary or sufficient?
• Which of the following are required if the operator must remain in the room during a CT scan?
• Which accessory is used to protect reproductive organs during X-ray exams?
• In semi-annual collimator alignment testing, which device is used as the primary test device?
• What is the unit for the maximum or crest value of the electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode of an X-ray tube, which determines the maximum penetrating ability of the X-ray beam?
• What term refers to the natural environment or normal illumination level in a space?
• The FOCAL SPOT SIZE, KvP accuracy, exposure time accuracy, and GY/mAs, mAs linearity and radiation reproducibility are checked on what schedule?
• Radiobiological effects that first appear minutes, days or weeks after exposure are termed?
• What is the major problem encountered in most darkrooms?
• Which is cited as the largest contribution to unnecessary patient radiation dose?
• Which projection would take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode end is toward the head?
• Which of the following procedures are considered high bone marrow dose examinations?
• Should densitometric strips be exposed to X-rays?
• The normal level of illumination in a given area is described by which term?
• Which two tissues have approximately the same radiographic density?
• Which statement about the effect of filtration on patient dose is true?
• Which interactions contribute to attenuation of x-rays inside the body during radiography?
• Which QC parameters should be tested annually?
• Scratches on films are caused by which of the following?
• For how long must QA/QC written records be retained?
• Which of the following is not considered a long-term effect of radiation exposure?
• Which of the following are components of a typical collimator?
• Which of the following are cited as technical advantages of 3-phase and high-frequency generators over single-phase generators?
• Which projection would NOT take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode end is aimed toward the head?
• In annual QC, which parameter is used to verify proper grid alignment?
• Which of the following statements about Bergonie and Tribondeau law is NOT true?
• Gonad shielding should be used during radiographic exams when feasible and it does not interfere with diagnostic information.
• Darkroom film fogging must be eliminated because it:
• Violations of the Health & Safety Code are typically guilty of which offense?
• The X-ray tube envelope that encloses a vacuum is made of:
• Supervisors are responsible for display of the following documents in the place of employment or work:
• Which combination of checks is typically used to verify darkroom storage conditions?
• Where does the heel effect distribute more radiation intensity?
• Radiation-induced mitotic delay in the life cycle of a cell is:
• The target material of a general-purpose x-ray tube is primarily which element?
• Using high kVp technique results in which change to exposure time?
• In pediatric radiography, which can be omitted to decrease patient dose?
• If the distance from the X-ray source is doubled, the exposure rate becomes what fraction of the original?
• The conservative approach to creating radiation protection guidelines considers that the genetic effects of radiation constitute a __________ phenomenon.
• What is the name of the law that states this is true?
• For mobile X-ray units, can the exposure switch be the dead-man type?
• What is the purpose of testing screen/film contact in radiographic QA?
• What is the average accuracy of a film badge?
• An area, outside of a restricted area, access to which can be limited by the licensee for any reason is defined as?
• The spinning target of a general purpose x-ray tube is primarily composed of_________.
• Irradiation of the bone marrow is most likely to cause which of the following effects?
• Which of the following will INCREASE attenuation of x-rays inside the body?
• Which statement about QC records is most accurate?
• How often should an analysis of the number of retakes be performed?
• Measurement of the radiation dose to the skin of the anterior chest is a reasonable indicator of dose to which structure?
• The WATER FILTERS of the QC program are made to prevent build-up of particulates. These filters should NOT allow particles larger than ______ microns to pass.
• Which operator console knob controls x-ray beam quality?
• The density of all patient-equivalent phantom films should be within what percent of the average density?
• Which daily QC practice for daylight imaging systems is best described?
• Standardized quality control tests carried out at prescribed intervals are designed to detect which conditions?
• Which set of factors is cited as contributing to wide variation in gonad dose between facilities?
• How often must GRID UNIFORMITY/BUCKY GRIDS/Grid Cassettes/Clip-On Grids and Grid Alignment be tested?
• X-ray penetration (quality) is determined by which factor?
• Which practice helps prevent fogging of radiographic film during processing?
• What is the best way to evaluate GRID UNIFORMITY, BUCKY GRIDS, GRID CASSETTES, CLIP-ON GRIDS, and GRID ALIGNMENT?
• Which parameter reflects how quickly film is moved through the automatic processor?
• An important part of any QA program, to be done every THREE MONTHS, is: 1) checking water filters 2) checking film developer temperature 3) film retake analysis 4) grid uniformity and alignment
• What is the name of the input-output curve used to express the change in film density with changes in radiographic dose, and is also referred to as the H&D curve?
• SCREEN LAG refers to:
• Under which of the following conditions must gonads be shielded?
• How often should fixer retention be tested?
• The energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material is known as which quantity?
• Dose equivalent is defined as the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, the quality factor, and other modifying factors.
• Which statement correctly describes the Gray unit?
• If the operator is required to stay in the room during scanning, which two items should be worn?
• For a phototimer to function properly, which actions must the technologist perform?
• Somatic radiation damage refers to effects on whom?
• Which combinations of practices reduce patient and operator dose while maintaining image quality?
• For archival storage, the amount of retained thiosulfate should be less than how many mg per cm2?
• Which long-term effect has been observed from radiation exposure?
• In CT exposure, which unit is used to express patient exposure in the provided material?
• A parent or holder of a patient during radiography should have which of the following?
• The repeat rate for inexperienced or careless x-ray personnel is equal to or greater than what percentage?
• Gross cellular effects from ionizing radiation exposure can include:
• Open packages of photographic film should be stored at what humidity range?
• How should the water flow meter accuracy be checked, and how often?
• On a linear, non-threshold dose-response curve, where does the curve intersect the x-axis (abscissa)?
• What is the regulatory provision for occupational exposure of a declared pregnant woman per month?
• What is the recommended optical density (O.D.) range for the photographic process?
• Which practice is not considered a standard protective measure for radiography personnel?
• Which events occur within fractions of a second after exposure to radiation?
• The degree of film darkening and controlled density and contrast is controlled by which factors?
• Which item is considered an X-ray accessory?
• Which of the following is approx. the least radiation absorbed dose to the fetus that could cause spontaneous abortion?
• The function of a ______ is to reduce the scattered radiation produced in the patient before it reaches the X-ray film.
• Which type of radiation effect has a severity that varies with dose and has a threshold, and is also known as the deterministic effect?
• What humidity range should be maintained to optimize film quality and minimize static marks?
• What happens to the intensity of radiation when the source is moved farther from an object?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating between 50-70 kVp?
• The period for preserving other required records following an occurrence?
• To limit stochastic effects, which statements align with acceptable supervisory practice?
• Rare-earth intensifying screens require films sensitive to which spectrum?
• The genetically significant dose is dependent upon which of the following factors?
• Darkroom humidity should be maintained in which range?
• Which item is included in daily Processor QC checks related to temperature?
• X-ray films have been designed to be most sensitive to which color in the blue-violet spectrum for use with calcium tungstate intensifying screens?
• What term describes radiation not serving a purpose, including leakage and scatter?
• In a radiography suite, what barrier attenuates the primary useful beam?
• Which X-ray interaction with matter predominates in soft tissue above 80 kVp?
• What is the purpose of a sensitometric strip in film processing QA?
• What accounts for most of the repeated radiographs (retakes/repeats) today?
• Approximately what percent of X-rays interact with intensifying screens?
• How many monitoring devices should this personnel wear and what are they called?
• Which measures are required if the operator must remain in the radiography room during an exposure?
• How often should monitoring checks be performed?
• Reviewing and updating the FACILITY PROCEDURES Manual shall take place at least:
• Which of the following cellular effects can result from exposure to ionizing radiation (including chromosome breaks, chromatin clumping, and abnormal mitoses)?
• Which device reduces scattered radiation produced in the patient but increases the dose to the patient?
• Nonstochastic effects have what characteristic?
• What is the primary purpose of using a grid in radiography?
• A grid primarily absorbs which type of radiation?
• In Bremsstrahlung X-ray production, energy conversion occurs when the KE of electrons is transformed into electromagnetic radiation.
• Scattered radiation coming from the patient, compared to the primary incident radiation, is:
• Why do intensifying screens reduce the patient's radiation dose?
• Which is the total exposure when the dose rate is 60 mrad per hour and the exposure time is 20 minutes?
• Which of the following combinations cause the films to smell and turn yellow over time?
• What purpose do standardized QC tests serve?
• Where should a personnel monitor be worn?
• Which projection would NOT take advantage of the heel effect if the cathode end were aimed toward the head?
• Which component absorbs scattered radiation before it reaches the image receptor?
• Which action is considered one of the most important in avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient?
• The term used for shielding integrated into the x-ray tube assembly is:
• In scoliosis imaging, which option best reduces breast dose when feasible?
• To reduce patient radiation dose, the radiographic technique chart should use which combination of kVp and mAs?
• A warped cassette produces what type of unsharpness on finished radiographs?
• How often should an analysis of the number of retakes be performed?
• What is the material placed in the useful beam to absorb preferentially the less penetrating radiation?
• What is the definition of one rad in terms of energy absorbed per unit mass?
• Which device is used for testing screen/film contact?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between mitotic activity and radiosensitivity?
• Each other required record must be preserved for how many years following the date of the occurrence?
• Annual verification of X-ray beam perpendicularity and SID indicator accuracy uses a tool that measures which pair?
• Which grid configuration is described as stationary and fine-line?
• How is film fixer retention tested?
• Dose equivalent is expressed in which units?
• How often must GRID UNIFORMITY / BUCKY GRIDS / GRID CASSETTES / CLIP-ON GRIDS and GRID ALIGNMENT be evaluated?
• Which of the following factors influence patient rad dose?
• Why are children more sensitive to radiation than adults?
• Which testing method can be used to assess Light & X-ray Field Alignment?
• During X-ray film development, light or X-ray exposure causes the ______ in the emulsion to develop an invisible latent image.
• Which items are used for annual testing of X-ray system filtration (HVL)?
• What does HVL stand for in shielding discussions?
• 0.15 Sv is equal to how many rem?
• What happens to beam intensity when the distance between the radiation source and the object increases?
• Approximately what percentage of incident photons emerges from the patient to form the image?
• Which units measure dose equivalent?
• What is the function of the grid?
• Which statement about grids is true?
• ABD region x-ray examinations account for approximately what percent of all diagnostic x-ray examinations?
• What is the SI unit commonly used to express dose equivalent limits?
• What is the name of the law that explains increased radiosensitivity in tissues with high mitotic activity and many undifferentiated cells?
• What does kVp determine in X-ray production?
• The density difference in densitometry is typically measured between which optical density values?
• Because of their small size, radiography of infants and very small children may not be possible with X-ray equipment utilizing which component?
• The size of the focal spot influences the image resolution.
• Which QA/QC guidelines should be checked daily?
• Which factors influence the quantity of scattered radiation?
• Dose equivalent units include which of the following?
• TRUE regarding irradiation of fertile females?
• Which statement best describes the scope of the x-ray equipment performance evaluation?
• Reducing the effective focal spot size decreases geometric unsharpness but increases anode heat loading.
• Which of the following is directly proportional to the dose delivered to the patient?
• The projected focal spot size measured along the central axis of the x-ray tube at the image receptor is called the:
• What radiographic device reduces scattered radiation in the patient and improves image quality but increases patient dose?
• Which statement best describes proper handling of radiographic film to protect quality?
• Which grids are recommended for pediatric radiography?
• Which term describes a dose-response relationship where there is no safe level, and any exposure carries risk?
• For film archival, thiosulfate levels calculated from fixer retention testing should be ____ mg/cm2.
• For a processor with a 90-second cycle, what is the total developer immersion time?
• Which QC parameters should be tested annually?
• Increasing field size affects scattered radiation in which way?
• Which QC parameters should be tested daily?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit for the whole body?
• Approximately what percentage of the energy deposited in the target by electrons is converted to x-rays?
• A barrier used to attenuate stray radiation is termed?
• How does rising humidity above 60% affect the film?
• Under which condition should gonadal shielding be used?
• ABD region repeats represent what percentage of all repeats?
• Which statements are true regarding testing for screen/film contact?
• Which of the following accessories always DECREASE pat RAD dose when used properly?
• For a declared pregnant worker, what is the maximum exposure they should never exceed?
• Which examinations require the use of gonad shields for male patients unless an x-ray supervisor specifically requests that gonad shielding not be used?
• OD stands for which term in film density measurements?
• How long should you spend in the darkroom before checking for darkroom fog?
• Even a small fingernail mark may do what to the screens?
• Which factors can be directly influenced by x-ray personnel during day-to-day use of x-ray equipment?
• Which statement is true regarding cataracts in relation to radiation exposure?
• Bone marrow is used as a somatic dose indicator. Radiation can cause depression in blood cell production. Which category best describes this depression?
• Which hypothesis assumes that a dose–effect relationship derived from high-dose-rate data can be extrapolated to lower doses and to zero?
• Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using a higher kVp technique?
• Which region’s imaging exam is associated with a large share of GSD despite only 25% of exams?
• What is the most important factor in the production of scattered radiation?
• Gonadal shielding is indicated under which of the following conditions?
• For 10 minutes, an individual received 120 mrad/hour dose rate; how much exposure did the person receive?
• Which of the following is approximately the least radiation absorbed dose to the fetus that could cause spontaneous abortion?
• Thiosulfate levels for archival film are measured in which units?
• Which statements are true about the inverse square law? 1) The intensity varies inversely as the square of distance. 2) As you move closer to the X-ray source, the dose increases. 3) It is best to maximize the distance between the exposure source and the person.
• Which of the following are required if the operator must remain in the room during patient CT scanning?
• What is the approximate range of potential difference used in diagnostic radiography?
• Which statement best reflects the relationship between fractionation and genetic mutational damage according to animal data?
• What is the average accuracy of a thermoluminescent dosimeter?
• Which material is used for the vacuum envelope of an x-ray tube?
• When a beverage is spilled on a cassette, which component will have to be replaced?
• Which statement describes the effects of ionizing radiation on cells?
• What are the recommended storage conditions for finished radiographs?
• Which processing error causes films to look milky and slowly darken over time?
• Which of the following radiation-induced diseases can be differentiated from non-radiation-induced versions of the same disease?
• What is the average accuracy of a film badge?
• Which three items are monitored by the Processor Quality Control program?
• The development/processing produces a visible pattern on the finished radiograph primarily as which density pattern?
• What is the test device used for the X-ray Beam, Bucky Motion and Centering?
• Operator exposure from CT exams is generally very low because: 1) CT beam is well collimated, 2) scattered radiation is confined to the exam room, 3) operators control the fluoroscopic beam.
• In radiology facility terminology, an area outside restricted area but with access limited by the licensee is known as which area?
• Which of the following occur minutes to hours after exposure to ionizing radiation?
• Among the following practices, which helps reduce gonad dose during radiographic procedures (besides shielding)?
• When X-raying very small children without photo timing, which approaches are recommended?
• Gross cellular effects from exposure to ionizing radiation can include which of the following?
• Under what circumstances can hospital personnel hold a patient during an X-ray?
• Which statement describes reciprocity failure in film?
• Only about what percent of incident photons emerge from the patient unaffected?
• What instrument is used to measure exposure at 90 degrees to the patient at a distance of 1 meter?
• For film storage, which practice helps prevent damage to unexposed film?
• What is the optimum target-to-film distance for most radiographic examinations?
• Which statement about film handling is true?
• How much time should be spent in the darkroom before testing for darkroom fog?
• Which hypothesis describes a linear dose-response relationship?
• Which device is primarily used to reduce scatter radiation reaching the film?
• What is the primary purpose of standardized QC tests when abnormalities are detected?
• The definition of a high radiation area is a radiation level that could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of:
• To achieve uniform film density within +/- 0.10 OD, how should the X-ray beam relate to the bucky grid and film?
• Immediate notification is required when the shallow-dose to skin or extremities reaches how many rads?
• Each interaction with the screen produces a large number of what that causes the film to darken during development?
• Which statement best defines remnant radiation in radiography?
• At what body-part thickness is the use of a grid recommended?
• How is film washing time measured?
• Under California law, appropriate structural shielding for mobile x‑ray equipment is required when used in which conditions?
• Which statement about genetic risks from radiation is most accurate?
• The dose-response curve associated with cataract formation is best described as which type?
• Which of the following is accomplished by appropriate filtration?
• Which dose value corresponds to the dose at which deleterious effects can be observed in embryo/fetus?
• What term describes the emission of electrons from a heated tungsten filament?
• In semi-annual testing for collimator light field and X-ray field alignment, which statements are true?
• Which instrument combination is used to monitor temperature and humidity in a darkroom?
• What factor is considered more critical to film quality than the best darkroom equipment?
• Approximately 5% of the incident x-ray photons that emerge from the patient to form the radiographic image are known as what?
• Which of the following is recommended regarding collimation?
• What is the function of a densitometer in film processing QC?
• Grids with a ratio above 8:1 are recommended for use above what kVp level?
• Which of the following cannot be directly influenced by x-ray personnel during day-to-day use of x-ray equipment?
• Which term describes an x-ray component placed in the primary beam to preferentially absorb or eliminate the less penetrating x-rays before they reach the patient?
• Sensitometric strips should be exposed to which type of light?
• Which processing error causes films to turn black with poor image contrast?
• Radiation-induced mitotic delay in the life cycle of a cell is:
• Which three items are monitored by the Processor Quality Control program?
• Which QA tasks should be checked DAILY in film processing?
• According to the inverse square law, if you double the distance from the X-ray source, the exposure intensity changes by what factor?
• What is the major tool of quality control for daylight systems?
• What is the cited repeated rate for experienced x-ray personnel?
• What is the SID tolerance for collimator light field and X-ray field alignment testing?
• Darkroom environmental condition combination recommended?
• Which types of thermometers should NEVER be used for the temperature because of the risk they have in contaminating processing solutions?
• Which of the following are LONG TERM effects from exposure to ionizing radiation?
• QA and QC records: which statements are true?
• Which combination of QC test records must be maintained?
• In pediatric radiography, which component can be omitted to reduce patient radiation dose?
• Which statement is true about the x-ray tube anode?
• 24-hour notification is required if a shallow-dose equivalent to the skin or extremities exceeds what amount?
• Darkroom fogging primarily affects contrast in which density range?
• Under California law, shielding is required for mobile x-ray equipment in which combination of conditions?
• In processor QC, the mid-density target is around which optical density?
• How should processor standby units be verified?
• What is the lead-equivalent thickness described for gonad shielding?
• Which cell type is drastically depleted by relatively small radiation exposure (50–70 rem)?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating above 70 kVp?
• Which anatomic region accounts for approximately 25% of all diagnostic X-ray examinations performed, but nearly 40% of all retakes?
• Which statement regarding filtration and image contrast is true?
• Which type of filtration includes the x-ray tube and its housing?
• Light & X-ray Field testing can be performed using which tools?
• Abdominal radiography accounts for 25% of all radiography examinations but contributes over what percent of the gonad dose (GSD)?
• Changing from Sp-100 calcium tungstate screens to Sp-400 high-rare-earth screens will reduce exposure settings and patient dose by what percent for the same image density?
• How should film washing time be measured and how often is it done?
• Damage to the INDIVIDUAL irradiated is termed:
• At 90 degrees from the patient and 1 meter away, the exposure measured by an ionization chamber is about what fraction of the incident radiation?
• For SID indicator accuracy, it needs to be within what tolerance of the measured value?
• Limited permit X-ray technicians are excluded from:
• Which one does NOT affect the patient dose?
• Which means of x-ray production involves projectile electrons knocking out inner shell electrons of tungsten?
• Exposure to scattered radiation is directly proportional to which factor?
• Energy of scattered radiation relative to the primary beam?
• Which of the following is among long-term effects thus far observed?
• How many 14x17 films must be processed daily to maintain consistency in most automatic film processors?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit for the skin and extremities?
• Grow cellular effects from exposure to ionizing radiation can include: chromosome breaks, clumping of chromatin, and formation of giant cells or abnormal mitoses. Which option lists all of these?
• To restrict the x-ray beam in radiography means the same as to:
• A barrier used to attenuate stray radiation is termed?
• Which item is included in a quality assurance program to assess imaging quality?
• What is the usual range of diagnostic x-ray tube anode angles?
• When the cathode end is directed toward the head, which projection would NOT take advantage of the heel effect?
• Which term describes the optical density of a film due to its base density?
• When evaluating grids, a radiograph should be produced at approximately which density on the film?
• Which items are included in a standard visual inspection of a darkroom environment?
• QA/QC records: which statements are true about review accessibility?
• Which statement about the line-focus principle is true?
• Generally, at or below how many rads will full-body x-radiation exposure show no injury with ordinary methods?
• Which statement about intensifying screen speed is true?
• How often is a retake analysis recommended for radiographic practice?
• An area outside of a restricted area, access to which can be limited by the licensee for any reason is defined as?
• Darkroom humidity should be maintained in which range?
• Which of the following radiation-induced diseases can be differentiated from non-radiation induced versions of the same disease?
• What term describes the length and width of the x-ray beam as projected down the central axis of the x-ray tube?
• Which of the following devices have the disadvantage of 'no permanent record' of radiation exposure? 1) pocket ionization chamber 2) film badge 3) thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
• When a beverage is spilled on a cassette, which component will have to be replaced?
• Primary cost savings of a QA program include which of the following?
• Which barrier is designed to attenuate stray (scatter) radiation?
• Which factor does NOT contribute to nonuniform dose distribution within the body during radiography?
• If humidity drops below the standard, what will occur during film processing?
• How should you verify the processor standby units in a radiographic processor system?
• Which statement best defines HVL?
• Which of the following basic principles can be used to reduce radiation dose?
• The genetically significant dose is dependent upon which combination of factors?
• Which are conditions that may result in grid cutoff?
• Which statement best describes how distance affects x-ray beam intensity?
• Which of the following is accomplished by appropriate filtration?
• The skin dose measured at the anterior chest during radiography is most indicative of which organ dose?
• The optical density of a film due to the base density plus the action of the developer on the unexposed silver halide crystals is termed?
• How often should the darkroom fog be tested?
• Which of the following are used for annual testing of X-ray system filtration (HVL): 1) dosimeter 2) type 1100 aluminum sheets 3) semi-log graph paper
• Which of the following conditions may result in grid cutoff?
• ABD region x-ray examinations account for about 25% of all diagnostic x-ray exams. What percent of all repeats are from films of this region?
• What is the primary purpose of filtration in the X-ray beam?
• Film speed (S) is defined as the reciprocal of the radiation dose required to produce a density of 1.0 above base and __________ densities.
• What is the function of a grid?
• Which interaction primarily produces the continuous spectrum in diagnostic x-ray beams?
• What should phototime/exposure time be checked for mostly?
• What happens to the focal spot as the x-ray tube target angle decreases?
• Regarding film handling, which statement is true?
• The time lag between initial exposure to ionizing radiation and the first clinically detectable effects is called the latent period.
• In annual Gy/mAs testing, which devices are used?
• How often does SCREEN / FILM / CASSETTE SPEED MATCHING need to be evaluated?
• Measurement of the radiation dose to the skin of the anterior chest is a reasonable indicator of:
• Which blood cell type is depressed most severely by bone marrow radiation?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating between 50-70 kVp?
• Which statement about water filters is correct?
• Which two factors are identified as reducing patient dose in radiographic technique when selecting from the options provided?
• What is the most important factor in the production of scattered radiation?
• Film darkening that detracts from film quality and contributes no useful information is termed:
• To reduce patient and operator dose while maintaining image quality, which combination is recommended?
• Which combination of grids is recommended for pediatric radiography?
• Which of the following are among long term effects thus far observed?
• The dose to the patient is directly related to which factor?
• Which practice best reduces patient exposure while maintaining image quality?
• Which mechanism is most responsible for scatter that contributes to image formation at diagnostic energies?
• Which of the following is cited as the largest contribution to unnecessary patient radiation dose?
• Who is responsible for establishing, reviewing, and annually updating the radiography procedures manual?
• Based on animal experimentation, which statements about genetic effects from ionizing radiation are supported?
• CT skin dose is typically on the order of which range?
• The secondary protective barrier includes which types of radiation?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating above 120 kVp?
• Which of the following are among long-term effects observed from radiation exposure?
• Which is a common artifact risk from improper handling of radiographic films?
• Which statement correctly compares abdominal radiography's share of exams vs GSD?
• Regarding daily checking of the processor developer solution temperature, which statements are true?
• What term describes destructive changes in molecules resulting when radiation acts directly on a target such as DNA?
• Planar radiography doses are typically in the millirad range. Which option represents millirads?
• Based upon animal experimentation, the following generalizations may be made regarding genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation: 1. genetic mutational damage is more severe if a given radiation dose is fractionated over a period of years or decades 2. there is no indication of a threshold dose below which genetic damage does not occur 3. the degree of mutational damage seems to be dose-dependent
• The collimator light beam allows the x-ray beam to be properly aligned with the correct patient anatomy and the __________?
• What is the input‑output curve used to express the change in density with dose for radiographic film, also referred to as an H&D curve?
• The darkroom lighting should be properly illuminated with what wattage range for the bulb?
• RADIATION not serving a purpose, which includes leakage and secondary radiation (scatter) is known as:
• What is the basic purpose of the TIME principle in radiologic imaging?
• Should the densitometric strips be exposed to X-rays?
• 1 Sv is equivalent to how many rem?
• The function of a _______ is to reduce the scattered radiation produced in the patient before it reaches the X-ray film.
• Which factor influences the effective focal spot size most directly?
• What is the effect of all types of fog on the radiographic image?
• Mid-density is usually measured around what optical density above the base-plus-fog level?
• What is the regulatory monthly occupational exposure limit for a declared pregnant worker?
• Which term describes electron emission due to heating of the cathode in an x-ray tube?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor affecting the quantity of scattered radiation?
• Which statement best describes a low-dose radiography approach?
• What is the name of the process by which an X-ray beam is reduced in intensity by absorption or scattering as it passes through material?
• What will changing the distance of the Target-to-Skin distance do to the patient if its decreased from 40 inches to 38 inches?
• Mid-density optical density is typically around what value above base-plus-fog?
• Which description correctly describes the test device, performance criteria, and frequency for tank level checks, clean-up films, and clean crossover rollers?
• What is the useful optical density (O.D.) range for radiographs?
• What temperature range is recommended for storing photographic material?
• What can developer solution or cigarette ashes produce on the radiographs?
• A safelight should be selected to match the film manufacturer's specifications to avoid excessive:
• Which of the following describes fog types encountered in radiography?
• What term describes the density measurement of a film, specifically the degree of blackening on the film?
• In densitometry, what does 'Base + fog' refer to?
• Which examinations are considered high bone marrow dose examinations?
• Which X-ray accessory is used to shape the size and geometry of the x-ray beam?
• 24-hour notification is required if an individual has received overexposure within 24 hours: Total effective dose exceeding what?
• Which combination is not appropriate for dose reduction?
• The length and width of the x-ray beam as projected down the central axis of the x-ray tube is called:
• Approximately what percentage of retakes are due to motion (respiratory or other)?
• The collimator light beam helps align the x-ray beam with the correct patient anatomy and the ______?
• SID indicator accuracy must be within what percentage of the measured value?
• What is the frequency for darkroom condition testing?
• If the darkroom, processor, and processing techniques are not optimum quality, what cannot be produced?
• Which of the following factors can be directly influenced by x-ray personnel during day-to-day use of x-ray equipment?
• Diagnostic X-ray beams are described as heterogeneous, polyenergetic, or polychromatic due to which interaction?
• Which device is used to measure accumulated radiation dose over time?
• Which condition must be satisfied for gonadal shielding to be appropriate?
• A radiation worker not wearing protective apparel spends 10 minutes inside an enclosed area. The exposure rate was 100 mrem/hour. What dose did he receive?
• When and how should wash-water temperature and water filters be checked?
• If humidity rises above the standard, what will occur during film handling?
• Where should all photographic chemicals be placed?
• Daily checking FILM WASHING TIME: which statements are true?
• Which of the following is referred to as a 'technical' or 'hardware' error in radiography?
• Which of the following is the primary process by which x-rays are produced?
• Which group of items is essential for accurate radiographic technique and image quality?
• The darkroom should be properly illuminated, with film correctly matched to illumination using a lamp of what wattage range?
• Which parameter does NOT affect the patient dose?
• Genetic mutational damage from radiation shows what kind of relationship with dose?
• What is the quality factor for X-ray, gamma, or beta radiation?
• Maintenance records for x-ray equipment should be kept for how long?
• Which factors influence image distortion?
• Which of the following are recommended methods of reducing radiation dose to the breasts during scoliosis examinations?
• For daylight systems, which items should be checked and reported?
• Which practice helps protect reproductive organs during radiography?
• Which measures reduce staff exposure to scatter radiation during radiographic procedures?
• Which option best describes a condition that is not one of the three primary x-ray machine controls?
• Absorption of x-ray photons in a patient’s body is primarily from which interaction?
• What is the Sievert equivalent of the lens annual limit of 15 rem?
• Which of the following are factors affecting scattered radiation?
• On a linear, non-threshold dose-response curve, where does the curve intersect the x-axis (dose axis)?
• How should photographic materials be stored to prevent pressure damage?
• Which methods are recommended to reduce breast radiation dose during scoliosis examinations?
• For a given exposure, which option lists the correct dose value of 0.017 mrem?
• The average film badge dose measurement accuracy is approximately what percent?
• Which statement about repeat rates for experienced x-ray personnel is true?
• Which test device and criteria are used to verify Tank Level Checks, Clean-up Films, and cleaning crossover rollers, and how often is this performed?
• How does skin pigmentation affect exposure factors?
• Most occupational exposure comes from which source?
• The process of releasing electrons from a heated tungsten filament is called:
• 24-hour notification is required if an individual has received an eye dose exceeding what?
• Where is the pocket chamber worn in personnel monitoring?
• Which humidity condition is associated with increased static marks on film?
• Films moved rapidly can produce which artifact?
• Twenty-four hour notification means telephoning CDPH within 24 hours with prompt follow-up letter when individuals are exposed to an eye dose equivalent within 24 hours exceeding:
• Which of the following best describes the general term for radiation-induced reduction in blood cell production?
• Which units are used to express absorbed dose and dose equivalent, respectively?
• What is the performance criterion for the darkroom fog test?
• If humidity drops below 40%, the result to films will be:
• Which combination of features is required for mobile X-ray exposure switches?
• Daily verification of wash-water temperature and water filters should be performed by which method?
• Which population should NEVER EVER hold patients during an exam?
• What is the normal lead-equivalent thickness for protective gloves?
• Which of the following are results of weak fixer solution?
• Which term describes all radiation coming from the X-ray tube housing excluding the useful beam?
• Can blue-light-emitting screens be used with green-sensitive film?
• The density difference is usually measured between which optical density values above base-fog level?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating below 50 kVp?
• Which statement best describes absorbed dose versus dose equivalent?
• Daily QA checks for film processing include which combination?
• HVL stands for what in X-ray beam quality testing?
• What is the approximate patient skin dose for CT examinations?
• Which imaging region contributes a large share of the genetically significant dose (GSD) relative to its proportion of exams?
• Is the CT beam well collimated?
• Regulations require the supervisor to report findings of film badge over-exposure to the RHB within how many days?
• The barrier thickness used to attenuate the X-ray beam by half is described by which term?
• In quality assurance, which activity is used to assess image quality by analyzing retakes?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of the inverse square law in radiation safety?
• Which storage guideline is correct for photographic materials?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit for the skin and extremities?
• Approximately what % of retakes are due to errors in exposure factors?
• Whose responsibility is establishing and updating the radiography procedures manual annually?
• Which radiographic exam typically uses a 72-inch target-to-film distance instead of the standard 40-inch distance?
• In the context of radiation protection philosophy, the term used to describe that any amount of radiation carries some risk of genetic effects is:
• Safelight is intended to prevent which problem during film processing?
• Which statement below is NOT listed as a primary cost saving of a QA program?
• What is the main purpose of a filter?
• What is the recommended storage temperature for photographic materials?
• What is the reason why children generally would be more sensitive to the effects of radiation?
• In screen/film contact testing, what type of copper/wire mesh tool and surface should be used?
• The unit of absorbed dose is expressed in which of the following?
• Which factor is the energy-determining factor in the x-ray beam?
• Which combination reduces patient radiation dose?
• Which projection would NOT benefit from the heel effect when the cathode end is directed toward the head?
• Readings from a personnel monitoring device are considered to be which dose?
• Under which conditions is a 24-hour notification to the Radiological Health Branch required?
• Which of the following are requirements for mobile X-ray equipment exposure switches?
• Which of the following actions is essential to ensure phototimer function?
• Which component is used to shape the x-ray beam and limit exposure to the area of interest?
• What is the major tool of quality control for daylight systems?
• Which law describes how radiation intensity changes with distance?
• A facility is conditionally exempt from silver recovery requirements if it generates less than 500 gallons per month of silver-containing solution which is:
• A statement about pressure damage: Photographic materials should be stored on their edge to prevent pressure damage.
• On a typical dose-response curve, what is the term for the dose at which there is no detectable effect (intersection with the x-axis)?
• Which pair of tissues has radiographic densities approximately equal to water?
• Where should a personnel monitoring device be worn during work hours?
• Which term describes the crest value of voltage applied to the X-ray tube?
• Destructive changes in body molecules which result when a specific molecule such as DNA is acted upon directly by radiation.
• The decrease in radiation intensity with distance follows which physical law?
• To minimize patient dose in pediatric radiography, which grid characteristic is preferred?
• Which population should NEVER hold patients during a radiographic exam?
• What is the main reason for protecting the gonads during radiographic procedures?
• HVl units are typically expressed in which of the following?
• The option that describes an equipment and accessory failure or 'technical error' is which?
• Which of the following are considered high bone marrow dose examinations?
• What is the usual range of diagnostic x-ray tube anode angles?
• Which processing condition is most associated with images turning excessively dark and low contrast?
• When x-raying a patient with emphysema, which adjustment to exposure settings is recommended?
• If humidity rises above the standard, what effect is expected on film handling?
• Which item is considered a hardware error in radiography?
• Which describes the average accuracy of a thermoluminescent dosimeter?
• How long must records or written logs of maintenance and/or repairs of x-ray equipment be kept?
• In radiology, which unit is commonly used to express absorbed dose in the context of the source material?
• Exposure adjustments for a patient with emphysema?
• For daylight systems use, which of the following should be checked and reported?
• Which processing error causes films to turn yellow-brown and smell like sulfur?
• Approximately what percentage of radiographic retakes are due to positioning errors?
• What is HVL used to measure in the X-ray beam?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating below 50 kVp?
• Which item is not listed among the six direct factors influencing X-ray personnel performance?
• Which humidity ranges are associated with issues in film handling?
• Which statement describes collimation's impact on dose?
• Which protective measure must be used on children and potentially procreative patients when feasible, without compromising diagnostic information?
• In a mobile radiography setup, which PPE should non-patient personnel wear?
• What is the standard lead-equivalent thickness for protective gloves used in radiology?
• Why should film fogging be eliminated?
• Which of the following are advantages of using a high kVp technique?
• Immediate notification is required for a shallow-dose equivalent to the skin or extremities of how many rads?
• Which method is used to test film fixer retention?
• Prior to exposure in mobile radiography, which safety statement is correct?
• Which units measure dose equivalent?
• How often should Light & X-ray Field Alignment be checked?
• What is the proper interpretation of ALARA in dose management?
• Where is a personnel monitoring device worn during all working hours?
• HVL stands for Half-Value Layer.
• Which of the following is a genetic change as a long-term effect in future generations due to radiation exposure?
• Which units are used to express occupational dose equivalents in radiologic protection?
• What is the approximate patient skin dose for CT examinations?
• The ratio of image size to object size is called what?
• Which equipment must be included in a quality assurance program?
• What is the approximate difference in exposure intensity between the two edges of a 14x17 film due to heel effect?
• What is the recommended HVL for x-ray tubes operating above 70 kVp?
• Which of the following is the definition of half value layer?
• The frequency of retakes was highest in which body area?
• In QC testing, HVL is used in reference to filtration. True or False?
• The REPEAT RATE for inexperienced or careless x-ray personnel is equal to or greater than which percentage?
• What is the purpose of the copper/wire mesh tool in screen/film contact testing?
• To limit stochastic effects, which statements are true for dose management?
• Which X-ray interaction with matter predominates in soft tissue above 80 kVp?
• Each interaction produces a large number of what that causes the film to darken during film development?
• What does kVp determine?
• The projected focal spot size measured along the central axis of the x-ray tube at the image receptor is known as the:
• Which of the following are advantages of high kVp technique?
• How does operator exposure to scattered radiation relate to the dose received by the patient?
• What is a typical range of kilovolts for diagnostic radiography?
• What is the typical tolerance for film washing time measurement?
• Which interaction(s) contribute to attenuation of diagnostic x-rays within the body?
• Which statement about beam restriction is true?
• What is the acceptable deviation for Light & X-ray Field Alignment relative to source-to-distance?
• Which of the following are considered x-ray personnel errors when classifying reasons for repeated films?
• If the expectant mother is exposed to a significant amount of radiation, which risks in children have studies shown to increase?
• Which device shapes the primary X-ray beam?
• In the context of imaging very small patients, which component is a limiting factor?
• Which of the following are recommended to minimize retakes?
• What is the primary purpose of gonadal shielding?
• What is the annual occupational dose equivalent limit as set by 10 CFR 20, for the lens of the eye?
• The photoelectric effect is more likely with which conditions?
• Which SID is commonly used to reduce heart magnification in chest radiography?
• What is the acceptance criterion for Light & X-ray Field Alignment distance accuracy?
• The spinning target of a general-purpose x-ray tube is primarily composed of which element?
• Which device is used to measure HVL?
• If the distance between the X-ray source and the object increases, what happens to the radiation intensity?
• Which barrier attenuates scatter radiation in radiographic facilities?
• Which statement is true about mitotic activity and radiosensitivity according to Bergonie and Tribondeau?
• Which statement describes an indirect effect of ionizing radiation?
• Which component primarily accelerates electrons toward the target?
• GSD is an acronym used in radiologic protection. What does GSD stand for?
• What is the approximate range of potential difference used in diagnostic radiography?
• In the dose-response curve, the point where it intersects the abscissa below which there is no detectable effect is called the:
• Which of the following is a non-stochastic (deterministic) effect?
• What are the 3 controls on the x-ray machine?
• What are the three controls on the x-ray machine?
• Which four elements are the primary exposure factors in radiography?
• The measured focal spot size is defined as the central axis measurement of the x-ray tube at the image receptor.
• Which statement is NOT listed as an advantage of 3-phase or high-frequency generators over single-phase generators?
• Which are the long-term, dose-related effects of radiation exposure?
• What are the performance criteria for the processor densitometric evaluation?
• What is the usual range of the diagnostic x-ray tube anode angles?
• GSD stands for Genetically Significant Dose.
• What is another name for the H&D curve, the input-output curve used in film sensitometry?
• Which of the following are under the technologist's direct control in routine practice?
• How often should the built-in thermometer accuracy be checked with a calibrated thermometer?
• Static lag refers to a ghost image caused by residual latent image from previous exposure.